Introduction To The United States Beer Industry

Introduction To The United States Beer Industry Beer in the United States has had a long and profitable history. Today it is the largest segment of Alcoholic beverages and accounts for millions of dollars in sales every year. Although there have been periods of less demand, the popularity and wealth of the industry has grown significantly. The industry has had to address many challenges and adapt to continuously changing environments which translated into many consolidations and the reduced number of regional brewers. Todays market is heavily controlled by three main players, In Bev Anheuser-Busch, Miller Coors. In the late 19th century, most beer was being brewed by groups or individuals in their respective homes, however with the industrial revolution and the advancements of new technologies in automation, commercial brewers began to enter the market and transform the way beer is made, sold, and marketed as it never had been before. Some of these large national brewers were Anheuser-Busch and Miller as mentioned before. Other large domestic brewers include Pabst, and Schlitz. All of these companies have played a part in shaping the growth, structure and development of the industry over time. Due in part to these large commercial entities, the United States now has the largest number of breweries in the world. Although it is necessary to grasp the industries performance as a whole, it is even more vital that the performance and structure of the industries particular segments. At one point, two types of beers controlled the majority of the market; popular beer which was made and sold inexpensively, and Premium beers which were produced for a similar price yet sold at a higher cost solely for their brand recognition and popularity. Throughout history, as the brewing industry matured, the addition of different kinds of beer multiplied. Today, the types of beer which account for the majority of sales are classified as Light, Domestic Premium, and Imports. This paper will be divided into three parts. In the first section I will take an in-depth look at the Beer Industry as a whole through the use of Porters Five Forces analysis. In the second part I will be focusing on Molson-Coors and its relationship to the industry, its segments, and opportunities for growth and continued success. I will wrap up my paper by comparing and contrasting Molson-Coors position and strategy in the Beer industry to Harley-Davidson in the recreational vehicle industry. Socio-Economic When addressing any industry, it is important to analyze the various external macro-environmental factors which contribute to a companys operations. Through a PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) Analysis, one can better understand the risks associated with growth and decline, as well as its industry position currently and in the future. Politically, the beer industry is dependent on the decisions and regulations of the US Government. One of the most obvious examples of the governments role came in the form of prohibition during the early 20th century. Today, the beer industry is still heavily monitored by the government. One of the most noteworthy controls is that the system requires a middle-man. This limits the power of large corporations to control every aspect of the business chain, and reduces the risk of a monopoly. When it comes to the retail of alcohol, state and municipality governments decide on the type of off-premise vendors that are allowed to sell the alcohol, and how they go about selling in order to raise funds for fighting the abuse and addiction of the product. Currently the state of the United States economy is not helping to provide increased wealth to the industry. With the economic downturn and lower discretionary spending, consumers are spending less on alcohol, beer included. Socially, there are signs within the industry that suggest an increasing demand for alcoholic beverages besides beer. However, within the beer industry itself, Light brands are experiencing increasing popularity due to the heightened importance of consuming fewer calories as well as the risks/consequences of drunk driving. The level of technology change in this industry is low. That said, there are a variety of technological advancements in the industry which are affecting operations. Many of these innovations are changes within the brewing of the beer itself. As efficiency in production was the drive post World-War 2, technological changes which improve quality, lower health risks, and increase the use of sustainable energy are beginning to gain more significance. Porters 5 Forces Threat of New Entrants In the early days of this industry, an individual or family could start up their own brewery with relative ease in comparison to todays standards. The increase in production techniques, beginning post World-War 2 played a large part in creating a high barrier to entry as the working capital requirements increased from several billion to hundreds of millions of dollars. Even greater barriers to entry are created through large brewers control of distribution channels as well as the different state governments regulations and laws attributed to those channels. As production innovation created a barrier to entry in the mid 20th century, marketing and advertising expenditures from large companies in this industry have increased brand loyalty and recognition, creating another high barrier to entry. Amongst these barriers, there exists the possibility of new entrants achieving economies of scale, for example, the Boston Beer Company has taken a relatively foreign approach to the industry as they have focused their attention on its recipes while outsourcing the majority of the other business activities. Although larger companies have also achieved economies of scale and have the ability to increase revenues without increasing input, the emergence of companies such as the Boston Beer Company and trends pointing to consumers trading-up to higher quality products, these barriers could begin to change down the road. Suppliers Suppliers in the brewing industry play a significant role. Starting with the production of the good, suppliers from agricultural industries such as corn, barley, and yeast are key in the production and pricing of the end product. Other suppliers include the glass industry and paper labeling industry. Because of the low concentration in production suppliers, more power is given to the industries main players who are able to strike larger supply contracts for a better price. Most of the key inputs of brewing are highly regulated thus keeping bulk prices steady and allow firms to purchase ingredients over a year in advance. Some differentiation exists in the inputs when it comes to the higher quality ingredients that are used in some premium beers. The effects of substitutes in this industry are dependent on industries such as the performance of wine and spirits as well as imported brands of beer. These are significant substitutes and have been experiencing a steady growth in recent yea rs. Although the brewing industry requires a substantial amount of inputs from suppliers, they do not control those industries as well. Suppliers from the corn/wheat producing industries as well as from the sugar processing industry are not dependent on the beer industry and exist in other markets. As mentioned, the brewing industry is highly regulated and runs in a three tier system which takes away the threat of vertical integration and the possibility of one player gaining the majority power. Looking at the current major players Anheuser-Busch and MillerCoors, opportunities to grow exist in marketing and brand awareness, with recent struggles in the economy, access to capital is more difficult but also comes at a lower price with lower interest rates. The industry gained $3.6 billion in 2009 which is significantly better than many industries and will favor them as they seek opportunities to finance growth opportunities. The industry requires skilled workers mostly in the areas of marketing and has usually refrained from unionizing. Overall the power of suppliers is very limited among large firms and the brewing industry is not an attractive industry at this time. Buyers Wholesalers, Super markets, liquor stores, and bars/night clubs account for some of the major buyers in this industry. These buyers can be broken down into two segments, off-premise and on-premise. On-premise locations include bars and off-premise locations include warehouses and liquor stores. These industries are grateful for the position of the brewing industry however on-premise buyers are experiencing a decline in growth as disposable income decreases among consumers. Off-premise wholesalers although protected from being protected from being taken over by large breweries have experienced a loss in power due in part to the rapid consolidation of the brewing industry as well as the increase in popularity of smaller breweries. However, due to factors such as being in the mature phase of its business cycle, these industries are in a good position to grow. Beer will continue to be sold and consumed; buyers will contend with the changing environment and gain more power through diversi fying their product offerings. This may not be the case in on-premise sites as they are more easily influenced by the impact of a down economy. Overall, the power of the buyers is low as they are at this point very dependent on the fluctuations of the brewing industry. Substitute Products As mentioned previously, substitutes to the domestic brewing industry are the wine and spirits industry, as well as imported beers. In the case of this industry, the substitutes play a main role in determining current position and future growth. When looking at the main players in the US market, they may need to shift some of their focus to niches which microbreweries have begun to make popular as well as deal with the constant threat of imports and their growing popularity in the United States. As large brewing companies work to meet the needs of their enormous market, the industry is attractive to smaller breweries seeking a smaller market. Rivalry The US brewing industry has consolidated to be controlled primarily by two main players, the largest being Anheuser-Busch, and the other being MillerCoors. This represents a high concentration which boosts rivalry. In this particular competition, price is not the determining factor, rather massive marketing campaigns to increase brand value. Although there exists two main companies, they are not very balanced as Anheuser-Busch controls the majority of the market share. The diversity among competitors is greatest amongst the craft-beer breweries which focus on recipe rather than brand image. Among the major players there is little product differentiation as they sell primarily the same types of beers. Although there exists a large brand awareness in loyalty to these players, foreign competition such as Heineken have penetrated US markets and have experienced large sales. This industry is very dependent on the segment of selling alcoholic beverages, although segments within the types o f beer can fluctuate, firms focus primarily on the selling of their product. The barriers for exiting this market are high as there are specific markets, and technologies which have been produced specifically for this industry, the best chance for converting to another product would be into the firm of a non-alcoholic malt beverage. Conclusion After looking in-depth into the brewing industry, a number of key success factors stick out. One of the most important that stood out to me is its ability to keep up with trends in domestic markets as well as increasing brand awareness through quality of beer rather than price. Another important factor for success in this industry is the ability to control debt and deal with fluctuations in the economy. Many people questioned how Budweiser could remain Americas beer by being owned by a Belgium company. Furthermore, it is necessary for these large firms to find areas of increasing beer consumption and market their product in an attractive way. Through my analysis of the brewing industry, it seems clear that although the industry has recently experienced slower growth and lower demand, companies have remained profitable and the emergence of new players (Microbreweries) prove to be a good sign for the future growth and stability of this industry. Part 2: Firm Analysis Adolph Coors based out of Golden, Colorado has been in the brewing industry since the late 19th century. It thrived on its focused market in the Western United States as well as the early brand recognition that its premium beer gained with celebrities and athletes. It also was able to differentiate itself from other competitors by focusing on being a self-sustainable company which attempted to provide as much of its own inputs as possible. In 2005 due to increased pressures to consolidate, Adolph Coors merged with Canadian brewer Molson. With this merger, Molson Coors became the fifth largest brewer. In 2008 in an effort to keep up with Anheuser-Buschs recent merger with InBev, Molson Coors merged another time with SAB Miller to form Miller Coors LLC. This merger, is expected to decrease production and distribution costs which will enable the company to remain profitable and able to increase its market share. This however goes hand in hand with the challenge of maintaining its market for smaller brands with more specific niches. External Environment In order to analyze Coors position in the industry it is important to look at the external environment which will affect the way Coors does business. As stated previously there are a number of different factors which are influencing the brew industry at this time. One of the major external threats to Coors and the industry as a whole is in the form of Government regulation. With a variety of different state laws effecting the sales and distributions of beer, this poses as a threat as it could consume an unnecessary amount of time in daily operations and market analysis. With more focus on broader, international markets, the increasing trend of regional microbreweries are also a threat on the domestic market as they could better handle the state laws and their performance within those standards. Technologically, Coors has the opportunity to become an industry leader in this category. Although technologies primarily are focusing on the quality of the beer, Coors could look to expand it s technologies with respect to environmental awareness. Presently, Coors is being most affected by the rivalry within its industry. Once an industry with hundreds of breweries, the US market has consolidated down to two main players. This is forcing Coors into becoming a hybrid international/domestic company at a rapid pace. I think one of the biggest threats that could affect Coors is the difference of the current market in comparison to the original focus and market of their beers. Internal Environment For many years, Coors was a family run business; this was extremely positive for its initial growth and sustained spot as one of the top players in the brewing industry. Another key strength of Coors is its ownership in its own machinery and its obsessed nature on remaining a company which is homegrown. Coors has throughout its history maintained an ability to adapt to current markets and trends as well as foreseeing areas of growth an opportunity. Early on, a weakness of Coors was its inability to attract minority markets and by some cases, they still struggle at this. Another weakness that could affect Coors performance is its history of avoiding debt spending. I believe this to be a weakness even though it could just as easily be a strength of the firm. Coors limits itself in research development as well as other possible market risks by not opening itself up to debt-spending. Another weakness of Coors, in line with the previous idea of debt-spending is that its a company which i s slower to find niche markets and better products in comparison to Goliath InBev/Anheuser-Busch. Marketing In comparison to Anheuser-Busch, Coors has presently and throughout history, struggled at finding a niche market and in turn has had to give up substantial ground to its main competitor in the form of Domestic Sales as well as having strong brand recognition. Anheuser-Busch in its merger with InBev is focusing its advertisement on marketing its large brands such as Budweiser. Coors has experienced a positive trend in its sales of Blue Moon which has been a hit, especially among fans of smaller, quality beers. It has outperformed a similar beer by Anheuser-Busch, Bud Light Lime. Coors, although struggling in some sense to gain market share back from Anheuser-Busch has a better positioning in terms of its distribution and production systems which are the one of the key strengths and highlights of its company, and one of its main areas of focus. Operations/Production Coors has a history of innovation and capital expenditures which have proved equitable to its operations and overall production efficiency. Coors has focused product innovation in the form of technologies which inhibit freshness and quality in its product. To this extent, it seems as though the two competitors are beginning to shift focuses, as InBev tries to beef up product, brand awareness, and market share, while Coors is insistent on being the industry leader for the best beer in America. As Coors focuses its attention on operations domestically, they are able to create a cost advantage between themselves and other main competitors, they will have better control over what they produce and how they go about producing it which in the long run may open up many areas of growth. Finance In the merger of MillerCoors, the company experienced a rapid decline in growth and sales. The positive side of this down-sizing is that they will have better control of their finances and although they still control thousands of employees, the ability to focus on cost cuts will in turn maximize shareholder wealth. In focusing on the quality and production of its beers, Coors has begun to outsource many of its financing and accounting to third party sources. In the upcoming years due to its merger, Coors will be refinancing its debt and looking to use cash from its operations as a way of approaching other strategic investments. It also hopes that refinancing its debt will lead to pension plans for its employees as well as better return to it its owners. Critical Success Factors It is imperative for Coors to become the leader in premium beers produced in the United States. With Anheuser-Busch selling out to Belgium, a great opportunity for Coors to utilize its domestic brewing facilities and resources exists and should be approached. Another factor that is necessary for Coors is to become an industry leader in innovation and social/environmental responsibility. They need to diversify their products to attract a wide variety of people and work hard not to segregate their marketing to specific niches which leave minorities out of the picture. Strategic Problem Management has failed to ensure the long-term survival of Coors because it expanded too quickly and had too ambitious of hopes in competing on a global scale with Anheuser-Busch. With that in mind, Coors with its merger with Miller has the opportunity to regain the domestic strength that it once prided itself on. My recommendation for Coors would be to continue its pursuit of quality within the domestic United States market. It can work to regain capital to spend on future strategic investments such as popular microbreweries with a high-quality, popular taste. The United States although a major player in the production of beers, still lacks the reputation for having a quality product which is globally recognized. Some could argue that Budweiser is this, however others would say that Budweiser lived in the realm of being an inexpensive beer too long before committing itself to the more trendy Lager. Implementation Coors can implement this strategy easily if it can regain its focus on its core mission from its history, the emphasis of self-sustainability as well as product quality. By outsourcing parts of its business to other parties, Coors has removed responsibilities which could have weighed the company down in making strategic and financial decisions. Part 3 Firm-Firm While working on the analysis for this case-study, thoughts of Harley-Davidson continuously entered my mind. Harley-Davidson is a company that thrives itself on its proud history as well as its quality and brand recognition, very much of what Coors itself does. One area in which Coors could mimic HD in terms of its business model is its focus on being the best US American brand available. HD faces similar competition and rivalry as Coors does; only HDs exists in the form of mostly Japanese and Korean companies while Coors deals with primarily European competition. Coors and HD also face similar problems in terms of attracting niche markets. For HD, they have primarily been seen as a white, male, tough-guy brand, while losing out on markets which include women and younger riders. In a similar way Coors needs to be able to attract consumers who prefer a high quality local brew in the United States rather than a watered down beverage from an aluminum can. In closing, Adolph Coors has existed through an array of market changes, downturns, and booms. In a mature industry, they represent the epitome of maturity and market knowledge. If Coors can maintain its mission of becoming US Americas best beer maker, it will have many profitable years to come in the future.

Pre-operative assessment Essay

Pre-operative assessment (POA) and planning, carried out prior to treatment, ensures that the patient is fully informed about the procedure and the post operative recovery, is in optimum health and has made arrangements for admission, discharge and post operative care at home. POA and planning is an essential part of the planned care pathway which enhances the quality of care in a number of ways. * If a patient is fully informed, they will be less stressed and recover more quickly * A health check ensures good medical health before anaesthesia and surgery * Planning admission and discharge individually ensures that patient and carers know what to expect facilitating earlier post operative care at home * Cancellations due to patient ill health or DNAs are reduced * Admission on the day of surgery and early discharge are more likely By improving the planned admission process, you also enhance the patient experience and the clinical process, as well as the efficiency and productivity of the trust. POA and planning should form a natural part of the process for all planned surgery. You may wish to match the intensity of the process to the patient’s level of fitness and complexity of the procedure. The key areas covered in the National Good Practice Guidance on Pre-operative Assessment for Inpatient and Day Case Surgery include: * The objectives of pre-operative assessment  * Who should undergo pre-operative assessment * When and where pre-operative assessment should take place * Who should perform pre-operative assessment * The risks, benefits and informed consent * What should happen after pre-operative assessment * What information should be given to patients * How records should be kept * How the pre-operative assessment service should be audited * Training in pre-operative assessment * Examples of effective practice

Hills Like White Elephants - 1354 Words

Symbolism in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"The Hills Like White Elephants† is a short story published in 1927 about an American man and a woman named Jig. The setting of this story takes place at a train station located in Spain surrounded by hills, trees, and fields. Other devices used by Hemingway throughout this story include imagery, simile, excellent syntax, and a very tense and emotional tone. In the beginning of the story, the American and Jig sit outside of the train station waiting for their train to Madrid. While waiting, time is spent describing the beautiful scenery around them, such as the white hills. During the wait for their train, they plunge into a deep discussion in regards to Jig’s implied pregnancy. The American is in the midst of attempting to convince Jig that the operation – implying an abortion – is her best option. Throughout the story, while Jig is struggling with whether or not she will have the operation, it is evident that the couple has extreme communication difficulties. They disagree on most topics that they discuss and they usually are never on the same page. The American is bent towards Jig’s abortion, and thus Jig is caught up in an internal battle of whether she will please her man or if she will choose life for her unborn child. This short story can be very confusing and is easily misunderstood because of how well Hemingway disguises underlying meaning. Many topics are left unsettled or unsaid throughout this story,Show MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway859 Words   |  4 PagesHills Like White Elephants, short story by Ernest Hemingway, published in 1927 in the periodical transition and later that year in the collection Men Without Women. 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Growing National Concern in the United States - Income Inequality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2149 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Finance Essay Level High school Tags: Income Inequality Essay Did you like this example? My main focus in this paper will be to discuss income inequality as it is a growing national concern in the United States. When we think of income inequality, we usually determine it means unequal pay for a certain gender primarily women. This is not the case, however as more and more men also are generally affected by the economic gap caused by American politics which intentionally keeps the United States on the welfare system. In a perfect world, it would seem the U.S could indeed have a shared system of income distribution, though we are very far from that perfect world and across North America it is in fact economic inequality that is the biggest problem Americans deal with across the nation and as one of the global countries out in the world that other countries have come to respect. What makes income inequality a problem starts with the government placing restrictions on every individual’s right to access resources from having an adequate income to support your household. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Growing National Concern in the United States Income Inequality" essay for you Create order Income Inequality is the single biggest issue facing Americans today and a list of who will come close to being at risk is very alarming to say the least. The population groups appearing to be at high risk does include the homeless, women and men from all backgrounds, and illegal migrants. Homeless individuals are seen as high risk when it comes to economic inequality because there is little consideration for them to make it out of their poverty situation. Women and men from all backgrounds and walks of life face the possibility of becoming trapped at the poverty line making it difficult to escape poverty. The way that Economic Inequality affects illegal migrants is proven in the way they obtain a small portion of the distribution of wealth. The contributing factors leading to a great concern in Income Inequality are somewhat related. The following risk factors begins with the causes that income inequality has economically, then I will discuss the relation between Income Inequality and Demographic factors; followed by explaining why Political factors play such a big role in determining how income is spread around from the rich who control the country’s riches to the poor who want to stand up for themselves and be considered equal as fellow human beings and not be treated as less. A relation between income inequality and the cultural factors that is associated with it are one of the causes. Environmental factors have also been seen to contribute to this main issue of income inequality. Lastly, at the governmental level, there is a wider gap occurring among macroeconomic factors coming all the way down to the micro level to individuals and families. Economic factors include the country’s wealth (mostly measured as GDP per capita), the financial well-being of a nation, technological advancements and how well the nation’s economy progresses. The next contributing factors to the concerns over income inequality is a result of the demographic causes. These are for example, the overall mortality rate of a population, the make-up of households, a population’s educational level, education inequality, and money set aside for the educational sector in an economy. The first reason why political factors play such a huge role in income inequality is because a large proportion of the government’s share of wealth in the U.S economy is not at an even split since shares between the government and the private sector on things like pensions, subsidies, grants increases for one sector and decreases for the other sector. The second reason is still the fact that in the U.S., which is a more democratic country, there remain s the one main difference between access to resources for families rich and poor and that is how the poor people democratic views, political rights, and a promise to greater redistribution of wealth. An example of cultural factors affecting income inequality would be that of government corruption. The World Economic Forum’s latest Global Shapers Annual Survey 2017 of 25,000 young people from 186 countries including the U.S. asked young people to name the three most pressing issues of concern in the U.S, then they listed them. Here â€Å"Government accountability and transparency/corruption† comes out on top with 46.9%, followed by â€Å"Inequality† (38.1%) and Lack of opportunity/employment (30.5%). More cultural factors playing an important role in income inequality are the abundance of natural resources which does increase income inequality especially in the case of minerals and metals where production of these resources is solely dependent on making money rather than using people from a lower income group who will not increase production of natural resources. Shadow economy is probably one of the biggest problems and a contributing risk factor of income inequality because of the relationship among the two. Both shadow economy and income inequality were looked at closely in Rosser and Rosser’s (2001) abstract and were finding out that if corrupt governments took a large piece of the share for themselves, shadow economy will continue to move upward plus this will make such things like taxes and the redistribution of wealth to decrease over time. Income Inequality in North America is also caused by the influence of cultural variation when it comes down to cultural factors increasing income inequality. The final cultural factor that impacts income inequality is land concentration. Higher land concentration means an increased amount of income inequality. This does not always have to be true though, as the result of land concentration can become weaker over time. Because of the recent attention that income inequality has gotten over the last two decades, it is important to know how macroeconomic factors have shaped the national picture of income inequality. Inflation, unemployment, financial development, export, import, and foreign investments are all major problems of macroeconomic factors. Inflation is believed to affect poorer people by carrying out a careful means and calculating those individuals fixed incomes on certain things like their pensions and subsidies. This further raises the level of income inequality (Gustafson and Johansson, 1997; Parker 1999; Xu and Zou, 2000; Cornia and Kiiski, 2001). Unemployment is also a serious concern on the topic of income inequality. Yet, according to Gustafson and Johansson (1997), and Parker (1999), there are more ways than one to determine the inequality-increasing factor of losing one’s job than analysis showing the opposite. Although financial development might be thought to increase income inequality, the opposite is truer, there is a reduction, but it is the primary cause affecting economic inequality all the same. If a country like the U.S. is a financially secure developed nation, the government would have no trouble at all providing better access to loans, the probability of owning a home, and good quality education to poorer people, setting them up for the right to stand among the wealthy, thereby increasing their incomes by investing in education and opening businesses. Both importing and exporting of products coming from the developing countries into the United States, a developed country having more and more increases in their imported goods can lower wages in the competitive field of production of develop countries and because of this, the U.S is ranked amongst the top countries in the world on income inequality. Incoming foreign investments increase allowing income inequality to also do the sa me too. The U.S. is currently addressing this issue through congressional hearings, bill introductions, and laws. Political groups also spend money on public policy agendas which they feel would reduce the lack of income opportunity for the less privileged. This policy topic of a rising inequality between the wealthy and the poor has created a policy conflict which both groups disagree who should be favored more when it comes down to who has more political rights and which socioeconomic group will benefit from the US congressional agendas. Legislators have taken it upon themselves to rely entirely on rich donors and political action committees to deal with this growing inequality and the income gap that exists around the country. Outside of the United States, a country that has been successful in reducing inequality in terms of differences between the incomes of the wealthy and the poor is that of the Netherlands as compared to that of the U.S. In the Netherlands, there is a low level of pre-government property that is the amount of taxes and other monetary fees the government can claim from each individual making for the redistribution of wealth by the government in terms of reduction of pre-government poverty about as low as possible to equally share income evenly for all Dutch citizens. Pre-government income could include incomes the average household in the Netherlands would receive in the absence of public benefits. The Netherlands has a huge impact on its government to reduce poverty and those who might suffer from income inequality. As a socialist European country, there is a method used to calculate how much of the redistribution by the government is handed out. The procedure is simply to calculate th e poverty rate for pre-government incomes subtracted by the poverty rate for post-government incomes divided by pre-government property, then multiplied by 100%. Direct income inequality has the negative effect to impact society whether you are at the top or the bottom of the income distribution ladder. If those at the ninetieth percentile increase their share of resources at the expense of those at the eightieth percentile, direct social and economic impacts on both average health and health disparities will be relatively small leading to lowered costs in the long term. If those at the twentieth percentile increase their share of resources at the expense of those at the tenth percentile, the direct impact will be greater and this can have a greater burden financially on average health and health disparities. In the United States, one of the impactful factors creating this cycle of income inequality is a population’s education level as well as the access or inability to access education. The year 2000 saw the age-standardized mortality rate was 1,574 per 100,000 people for less educated white men compared with 774 per 100,000 people fo r college attendees. In the United States, disparities in life expectancy by both income and education increased sharply among both men and women from the 1980s to 2008 (the most recent year available). Society has dealt with the policy topic of income inequality in the past by focusing on studies comparing rich and poor countries and census tracts in the United States showing an increase in the frequently occurring mortality ratios in the late twentieth century. Because the U.S. has a high level of income inequality, the country often has a higher poverty rate or lower average income and this has been what has changed to make this national problem worse for all people especially poorer individuals. If this problem persists, the implications on future social work practice may affect the well-being of the United States as a whole and further discourage policy decisions about environmental regulation risk factors, cultural norms about risky behavior, and historical influences. Poverty is a serious problem, both in the United States and in the world today. It has implications for the stability of society and the health of democracy as well as safety in the world. From an individual perspective, being poor is costly in terms of both life chance and potential contributions. As this chapter has shown, industrial age poverty and income maintenance programs and policies are inadequate for protecting people in an information society. As the transition from an industrial economy to an information economy continues and the environment deteriorates, the nature of poverty will change and the actions that are necessary to deal with poverty will also evolve. This will provide interesting challenges for social workers, advocates, and policy makers. To conclude, it has become clear that in terms of income inequality, social welfare systems as that in place in the United States, as in other nations around the world measure how much government intervention people rely on to properly distribute income at all levels of society from the bottom poor to those working to provide adequate resources for their households. One lesson that this paper has proven is that income inequality is a very real national crisis and to fight to end the war on poverty among poorer income households will take a lot of public assistance from social service providers, social workers, legislators, a government that is not corrupt only allowing the wealthy individuals to take advantage of needed resources like education, affordable housing, job security, equal employment for the families who are poor just trying to survive daily on relying on government interference to make equality like it should be elsewhere around the world where inequality has not risen i n the past two perhaps five years putting into consideration the average term of a country’s economic development and to add to that a nation’s laws made up to reduce inequality.

Factors That Affect A Child s Development - 1563 Words

Development occurs within a child through psychological, biological, and emotional changes. It is a continuous process as each person progresses into their unique identity. Before a person can mature and assume their identity, they have to successfully complete the eight stages. According to Erikson, each stage is characterized by a â€Å"crisis† where psychological challenges would be resolved as the person move from each stage. Unfortunately, many factors can hinder a child’s development. This brings about the argument of all time, nature verses nurture. Nature where genetics is an important factor in influencing a child at an early age, and nurture where the environment plays a significant role in influencing a child. An innocent baby is†¦show more content†¦The success of each depends on the success of the other. The challenge commence with trust. Trust is an important quality that gives people confidence, certainty, and conviction. As an infant we learn t his tool through our parents. Infants depend on safe, nurturing environment - food, safe shelter, comfort, love, and care. These needs when met allows a child to develop trust towards others. As we age and progress through each stage, people acquire different, but essential tools. These crisis can either transform them to the best that they can be, or the worst that they can be. With each stage a child acquires the tools of independence, self-awareness, skills, talents, and competence. At this point, they must decide â€Å"who they are, what they are going to do, and what they hope to make of their lives† (Travis Wade, 2012, p. 98). Once the decision is made, they begin to experience intimacy with others and learn the value of generativity. Upon discovering their self through various influences and experiences, they have order and spiritual sense where they have gained the tool of ego integrity. Furthermore, these stages can negatively, or positively impact a child as they a ge depending on the type of parents this individual has. There are four types of parents- the authoritarian, the permissive, the authoritative, and the uninvolved. Controlling, strict, punitive, and cold are all the words utilized to describe an authoritarian parent. It is their way, or the

Screenshot Permission Letter Free Essays

Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052-6399 January 22, 2010 One Microsoft Way Redmond, Wa Subject: Permission to Use Screenshots To Whom this May Concern: Thank you for taking time out your very busy schedule to read this letter. I will cut right to the point so as to keep my intrusion to a minimum. I am an author of head start manuals written specifically for children. We will write a custom essay sample on Screenshot Permission Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now My latest manual is aimed at providing core computing skills needed in today’s technological world, on training wheels of course. As you are well aware, today’s generation is vastly superior in receiving this vital message. It is my goal to provide an educational tool that is formulated using powerful visual imagery alongside an easy to understand explanation. To borrow the cliche’, â€Å"Pictures speak a thousand words†, I have found that children are highly receptive to imagery. Combining persuasive imagery with accurate documentation will prove to be very effective. I plan to produce several Computer based knowledge books specifically for children. This is going to be the 1st edition, so with this in mind I plan on starting from ground zero and working forward. I would like to include the following screen shots associated with Windows ® XP. This screen shot will provide an explanation for what each icon stands represents, the start button location, and where simple programs are located. [pic] I am a father myself, and I plan to include into the manual many of the exercises that I have implemented into my child’s education that have proven to be highly successful. Finally, I’m hoping to include in the manual the screen shot as shown below to provide simple user skills in Microsoft ® Paint. [pic] Once again I would like to thank you for taking some time out of your busy day to read this letter. Microsoft is a wonderful company that continues to provide the world with outstanding resources enabling prosperity on many levels. I hope to one day say that I played a very small part in this powerful commitment! Sincerely, How to cite Screenshot Permission Letter, Papers

Othello, by Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Othello, by Shakespeare Essay In the play, Othello, by Shakespeare, villainous character, Iago, schemes to bring Othello s happiness to an end. Iago conspires to have Othello turn against his comrade, Cassio, and try to kill him for his misdeeds against Desdamona. Iago arises Othello s feelings and emotions towards Desdamona by feeding on Othello s great pride in Desdamona s devotion to Othello. By doing this, Othello begins to doubt his point of view on what Desdamona is like and if she would really deceive Othello after all they have gone through in achieving acceptance in society as a married couple. I do not think but Desdamona s honest. (line 255, Act III, scene iii) Iago uses the honesty and trust Othello has towards him so he may manipulate Othello to believe in everything he says about the rotten affair. My lord, you know I love you. I think thou dost; and, for I know thou rt full of love and honesty, (line 133-135, Act III, scene iii) Othello trusts those around him and because of this, he will fall into Iago s plan of betrayal. Othello does not see the evil behind Iago s words and does not see the false accusations against his wife. Othello absorbs the words of Iago entirely and this causes Othello to no longer trust Desdamona. He thinks of her as the opposite of who she really is. To Othello, Desdamona is not innocent and not of honorable character. Since Othello is enraged by hearing that Cassio has taken Desdamona and stolen her love away from him, Othello seeks to kill Cassio. Iago uses Othello s weaknesses to turn Othello against Cassio. Othello s hubris pride and modesty in himself allows Iago to humiliate Othello. What sense had I of her stol n hours of lust? I saw t not, thought it not, it harm d not me. I slept the next night well, fed well, was free and merry; I found not Cassio s kisses on her lips. (line 378-380, Act III, Scene iii) Iago wants Othello to feel ashamed of Desdamona and that Desdamona is having a secret affair with one of his officers. Iago exaggerates the scene between Desdamona and Cassio so that Othello will hear the most convincing evidence. In sleep I heard him say, Sweet Desdamona, let us be wary, let us hide our love; and then, sir, would he grip and wring my hand, cry, O sweet creature! hen kiss me hard (lines 463-466, Act III, scene iii) He arises Othello s anger and jealousy through this cynical explanation. Iago is able to take away the invisible barrier before Othello s self-control and is able to manipulate Othello easily through taping into his irrational reasoning. Iago plays with Othello s reasoning to make Othello believe in false assumptions about Cassio s character to further rouse emotions. In the villainous plan to bring about Othello s downfall, Iago uses reverse psychology and flattery. Iago questions his evidence of the affair and rejects his assumptions of Cassio. Why, then, I think Cassio s an honest man (line 148, Act III, scene iii) Iago suddenly changes his views about Cassio to use reverse psychology on Othello. Iago s sinister character has shown that he is a smart man that uses manipulation to get what he wants. By saying positive characteristics about Cassio, Othello falls into Iago s trap and further turns against Cassio. Iago uses flattery to assure Othello of Iago s honesty and integrity that Othello looks for in every man. My lord, you know I love you. (line 133, Act III, scene iii) Also, Iago uses Othello s racial differences to rouse Othello s suspicions of Cassio. Iago brings up the issue of how a lady in that time period would prefer a man of her own age, race, and temperament. Othello s racial background is thought to be one of the reasons why Desdamona is in an affair with Cassio.